Publications

Professor David Wood

Challenge of cardiovascular prevention in primary care: achievement of lifestyle, blood pressure, lipids and diabetes targets for primary prevention in England - results from ASPIRE-3-PREVENT cross-sectional survey
Great debate: pre-diabetes is not an evidence-based treatment target for cardiovascular risk reduction
Dysglycaemia screening and its prognostic impact in patients with coronary artery disease: experiences from the EUROASPIRE IV and V cohort studies
Cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention of CVD: time to think about cardiovascular health rather than rehabilitation
Variation in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease: the INTERASPIRE study
Co-design and usability testing in the development of a digital health intervention for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: The INTERCEPT Study
WHF Roadmap on Secondary Prevention of CVD.
Secondary prevention in diabetic and nondiabetic coronary heart disease patients: Insights from the German subset of the hospital arm of the EUROASPIRE IV and V surveys.
Gender differences in health-related quality of life and psychological distress among coronary patients: Does comorbidity matter? Results from the ESC EORP EUROASPIRE V registry.
Treatment goal attainment for secondary prevention in coronary patients with or without diabetes mellitus - Polish multicenter study POLASPIRE.
SYNTAX Extended Survival Investigators. Geographic disparity in 10-year mortality after coronary artery revascularization in the SYNTAXES trial.
Measures of Insulin Resistance as a Screening Tool for Dysglycemia in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease: A Report From the EUROASPIRE V Population.
Prediction of recurrent event in patients with coronary heart disease: the EUROASPIRE risk model: results from a prospective study in 27 countries in the WHO European region-the EURObservational research programme (EORP) of the European society of cardiology (ESC).
Assessing the probability of risk factor control in patients with coronary heart disease: results from the ESC-EORP EUROASPIRE V survey.
A short history of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC).
EAPC Core Curriculum for Preventive Cardiology.
Saving time by replacing the standardised two-hour oral glucose tolerance test with a one-hour test: Validation of a new screening algorithm in patients with coronary artery disease from the ESC-EORP EUROASPIRE V registry.
Gender differences in screening for glucose perturbations, cardiovascular risk factor management and prognosis in patients with dysglycaemia and coronary artery disease: results from the ESC-EORP EUROASPIRE surveys.
EUROASPIRE V Investigators group. Medical Treatment in Coronary Patients: Is there Still a Gender Gap? Results from European Society of Cardiology EUROASPIRE V Registry.
Dyslipidemia Management in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. Data from the POLASPIRE Survey.
Potential for optimizing management of obesity in the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease.
Prediction of recurrent event in patients with coronary heart disease: the EUROASPIRE risk model: results from a prospective study in 27 countries in the WHO European region-the EURObservational research programme (EORP) of the European society of cardiology (ESC).
Poor adherence to lifestyle recommendations in patients with coronary heart disease: results from the EUROASPIRE surveys.
Evaluation of a Community-based Cardiovascular Prevention Program in patients with type 2 diabetes.
INTERASPIRE: an International Survey of Coronary Patients; Their Cardiometabolic, Renal and Biomarker Status; and the Quality of Preventive Care Delivered in All WHO Regions: In Partnership with the World Heart Federation, European Society of Cardiology, Asia Pacific Society of Cardiology, InterAmerican Society of Cardiology, and PanAfrican Society of Cardiology.
Percentage low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol response to a given statin dose is not fixed across the pre-treatment range: Real world evidence from clinical practice: Data from the ESCEORP EUROASPIRE V Study.
ASPIRE-3-PREVENT: a cross-sectional survey of preventive care after a coronary event across the UK.
Screening for Glucose Perturbations and Risk Factor Management in Dysglycemic Patients With Coronary Artery Disease—A Persistent Challenge in Need of Substantial Improvement: A Report From ESC EORP EUROASPIRE V.
Longitudinal effects of a nursemanaged comprehensive cardiovascular disease prevention programme for hospitalized coronary heart disease patients and primary care high-risk patients
Factors associated with smoking cessation in patients with coronary heart disease: a cohort analysis of the German subset of EuroAspire IV survey.
Chronic medication intake in patients with stable coronary heart disease across Europe: Evidence from the daily clinical practice. Results from the ESC EORP European Survey of Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Diabetes (EUROASPIRE IV) Registry
What Is the Best Mix of Population‐Wide and High‐Risk Targeted Strategies of Primary Stroke and Cardiovascular Disease Prevention?
Reducing the Clinical and Public Health Burden of Familial Hypercholesterolemia: A Global Call to Action.
Access to Essential Medicines for Circulatory Diseases
EQ-5D in coronary patients: what are they suffering from? Results from the ESC EORP European Survey of Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Diabetes (EUROASPIRE IV) Registry.
Blood pressure distribution and control in coronary patients from 24 European countries in the European Society of Cardiology EURoObservational Research Programme European survey of cardiovascular disease prevention and diabetes. EUROASPIRE IV Registry.
World Health Organization cardiovascular disease risk charts: revised models to estimate risk in 21 global regions.
Primary prevention of ischaemic heart disease: populations, individuals, and health professionals.
Management of dyslipidaemia in patients with coronary heart disease: Results from the ESC-EORP EUROASPIRE V survey in 27 countries.
Secondary prevention of coronary artery disease in Poland. Results from the POLASPIRE survey. 2019.
The rise and fall of aspirin in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease.
Lifestyle and impact on cardiovascular risk factor control in coronary patients across 27 countries: Results from the European Society of Cardiology ESC-EORP EUROASPIRE V registry.
Physicians' lifestyle advice on primary and secondary cardiovascular disease prevention in Germany: A comparison between the STAAB cohort study and the German subset of EUROASPIRE IV.
Incidence of cardiovascular events in patients with stabilized coronary heart disease: the EUROASPIRE IV follow-up study.
Health factors associated with cardiovascular wellness.
Reconfiguring cardiac rehabilitation to achieve panvascular prevention: New care models for a new world.
WHF Global Atlas of CVD: take two.
Cost-effectiveness of optimized adherence to prevention guidelines in European patients with coronary heart disease: results from the EUROASPIRE IV survey.
Determinants of participation and risk factor control according to attendance in cardiac rehabilitation programmes in coronary patients in Europe: EUROASPIRE IV survey.
Euroaspire investigators Smoking cessation in European patients with coronary heart disease. Results from the EUROASPIRE IV survey: a registry from the European society of cardiology.
Prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors among professional male long-distance bus drivers in Lagos, south-west Nigeria: a cross-sectional study.
A cross-sectional survey of cardiovascular health and lifestyle habits of hospital staff in the UK: Do we look after ourselves?
The World Heart Federation African Summit on Best Practices in Policy and Access to Care in 2017 concluded with the Khartoum Action Plan, to improve cardiovascular on the African continent.
Undetected dysglycaemia common in primary care patients treated for hypertension and/or dyslipidaemia: on the need for a screening strategy in clinical practice. A report from EUROASPIRE IV a registry from the EuroObservational Research Programme of the European Society of Cardiology.
Time trends in lifestyle, risk factor control, and use of evidence-based medications in patients with coronary heart disease in Europe: results from 3 EUROASPIRE Surveys.
Patient’s and physician’s awareness of kidney disease in coronary heart disease patients – a cross-sectional analysis of the German subset of the EUROASPIRE IV survey.
Secondary prevention in younger versus older coronary heart disease patients – insights from the German subset of the EUROASPIRE IV survey.
WHF emerging leaders program.
The Road to 25×25: Update on WHF CVD Roadmaps.
Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and its determinants in coronary heart disease patients in 24 European countries: Insights from the EUROASPIRE IV survey of the European Society of Cardiology.
The prognostic value of fasting plasma glucose, two-hour post load glucose, and HbA1c in patients with coronary artery disease: a report from EUROASPIRE IV.
Heart failure in patients with coronary heart disease: prevalence, characteristics and guideline implementation – results from the German EuroAspire IV cohort.
CardioScape mapping the cardiovascular funding landscape in Europe.
Outcomes of an integrated community-based nurse-led cardiovascular disease prevention programme.
Regular exercise behavior and intention and symptoms of anxiety and depression in coronary heart disease patients across Europe: Results from the EUROASPIRE III survey.
Lessons from contemporary trials of cardiovascular prevention and rehabilitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Lifestyle and risk factor management in people at high risk of cardiovascular disease. A report from the European Society of Cardiology European Action on Secondary and Primary Prevention by Intervention to Reduce Events (EUROASPIRE) IV cross-sectional survey in 14 European regions.
Time-saving screening for diabetes in patients with coronary artery disease: a report from EUROASPIRE IV.
Lifestyle and risk factor management in people at high cardiovascular risk from Bulgaria, Croatia, Poland, Romania and the United Kingdom who participated in both the EUROASPIRE III and IV primary care surveys.
ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias: The Task Force for the Management of Dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS) Developed with the special contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR).
The Heart of 25 by 25: Achieving the Goal of Reducing Global and Regional Premature Deaths From Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke: A Modeling Study From the American Heart Association and World Heart Federation.
EUROASPIRE IV: A European Society of Cardiology survey on the lifestyle, risk factor and therapeutic management of coronary patients from 24 European countries.
Lipid lowering drug therapy in patients with coronary heart disease from 24 European countries–findings from the EUROASPIRE IV survey.
Adverse lifestyle trends counter improvements in cardiovascular risk factor management in coronary patients.
Patients with coronary artery disease and diabetes need improved management: a report from the EUROASPIRE IV survey: a registry from the EuroObservational Research Programme of the European Society of Cardiology.
ASPIRE-2-PREVENT: lifestyle and risk factor management and use of cardioprotective medication in coronary patients in the UK.
Prevalence and management of familial hypercholesterolaemia in coronary patients: an analysis of EUROASPIRE IV, a study of the European Society of Cardiology.
The World Heart Federation's vision for worldwide cardiovascular disease prevention.
World Heart Federation Emerging Leaders Program: An innovative capacity building program to facilitate the 25× 25 goal.
Reducing Cardiovascular Disease Globally: The World Heart Federation Roadmaps.
Reducing Premature Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality in People With Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease: The World Heart Federation Roadmap for Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease.
Adapting the World Heart Federation Roadmaps at the National Level.
Eurobservational research programme: Euroaspire.
Screening for dysglycaemia in patients with coronary artery disease as reflected by fasting glucose, oral glucose tolerance test, and HbA1c: a report from EUROASPIRE IV—a survey from the European Society of Cardiology.
Readiness for smoking cessation in coronary heart disease patients across Europe: Results from the EUROASPIRE III survey.
Which statin worked best to achieve lipid level targets in a European registry? A post-hoc analysis of the EUROASPIRE III for coronary heart disease patients.
Sustainable development goals and the future of cardiovascular health: a statement from the Global Cardiovascular Disease Taskforce.
The prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors among employees in the kingdom of Bahrain between October 2010 and March 2011: a cross-sectional study from a workplace health campaign.
The association between self-reported lifestyle changes and health-related quality of life in coronary patients: the EUROASPIRE III survey.
Does pharmacologic treatment in patients with established coronary artery disease and diabetes fulfil guideline recommended targets? A report from the EUROASPIRE III cross-sectional study.
Joint British Societies’ consensus recommendations for the prevention of cardiovascular disease.
Effectiveness of a preventive cardiology programme for high CVD risk persistent smokers: the EUROACTION PLUS varenicline trial.
Treatment potential for dyslipidaemia management in patients with coronary heart disease across Europe: findings from the EUROASPIRE III survey.
Moving from political declaration to action on reducing the global burden of cardiovascular diseases. A Statement from the Global Cardiovascular Disease Task Force.
Use and effects of cardiac rehabilitation in patients with coronary heart disease: results from the EUROASPIRE III survey.
Residual risk of cardiovascular mortality in patients with coronary heart disease: the EUROASPIRE risk categories.
Health related quality of life in coronary patients and its association with their cardiovascular risk profile: results from the EUROASPIRE III survey.
Validity and reliability of three commonly used quality of life measures in a large European population of coronary heart disease patients.
Determinants of risk factor control in subjects with coronary heart disease: a report from the EUROASPIRE III investigators.
Total lipid management and cardiovascular disease in the dyslipidemia international study.
Passive smoking and smoking cessation among patients with coronary heart disease across Europe: results from the EUROASPIRE III survey.
What is cardiac rehabilitation achieving for patients with CHD? The ASPIRE-2-PREVENT results.
Training opportunities in preventive cardiology: MSc, Diploma and Certificate in Preventive Cardiology.
Dyslipidaemia and atherosclerotic vascular disease: DYSIS results in the UK.
Body fat distribution in relation to smoking and exogenous hormones in British women.
Cost-effectiveness of a European preventive cardiology programme in primary care: a Markov modelling approach.
Our time: a call to save preventable death from cardiovascular disease (heart disease and stroke).
Cost-effectiveness of optimizing prevention in patients with coronary heart disease: the EUROASPIRE III health economics project.
European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012).
ASPIRE-2-PREVENT: a survey of lifestyle, risk factor management and cardioprotective medication in patients with coronary heart disease and people at high risk of developing cardiovascular disease in the UK
Persistent lipid abnormalities in statin-treated patients and predictors of LDL-cholesterol goal achievement in clinical practice in Europe and Canada.
Relations between professional medical associations and the health-care industry, concerning scientific communication and continuing medical education: a Policy Statement from the European Society of Cardiology.
Blood pressure control and knowledge of target blood pressure in coronary patients across Europe: results from the EUROASPIRE III survey.
MyAction: an innovative approach to the prevention of cardiovascular disease in the community.
Persistent lipid abnormalities in statin-treated patients with diabetes mellitus in Europe and Canada: results of the Dyslipidaemia International Study.
ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias. The Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS).
EUROASPIRE III. Management of cardiovascular risk factors in asymptomatic high-risk patients in general practice: cross-sectional survey in 12 European countries.
Management of overweight and obese patients with coronary heart disease across Europe.
Increased C‐reactive protein levels in overweight and obese women taking exogenous hormones: the United Kingdom Women’s Heart Study (UKWHS).
Are rapid access cardiology clinics a valued part of a district cardiology service?
Cardiovascular disease and diabetes in people with severe mental illness position statement from the European Psychiatric Association (EPA), supported by the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) and the European Society of Cardiology (ESC).
Practical organisation of preventive cardiology programmes: integrating prevention and rehabilitation.
The challenge for preventive cardiology.
EUROASPIRE III: a survey on the lifestyle, risk factors and use of cardioprotective drug therapies in coronary patients from 22 European countries.
Cardiovascular prevention guidelines in daily practice: a comparison of EUROASPIRE I, II, and III surveys in eight European countries.
Should cardiovascular disease prevention be undertaken by doctors or policymakers and politicians?
Indices of obesity and cardiovascular risk factors in British women.
2008. Nurse-coordinated multidisciplinary, family-based cardiovascular disease prevention programme (EUROACTION) for patients with coronary heart disease and asymptomatic individuals at high risk of cardiovascular disease: a paired, cluster-randomised controlled trial.
Treatment potential for cholesterol management in patients with coronary heart disease in 15 European countries: findings from the EUROASPIRE II survey.
The concept of doctor targets based on quality guidelines: focus on blood pressure.
Sudden arrhythmic death syndrome: a national survey of sudden unexplained cardiac death.
European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: executive summary: Fourth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (Constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts).
EUROACTION: a family-based preventive cardiology programme in primary care.
A rapid access cardiology service for chest pain, heart failure and arrhythmias accurately diagnoses cardiac disease and identifies patients at high risk: a prospective cohort study.
Contemporary mortality due to acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina and exertional angina in a population in South East London.
The Joint British Societies’ guidelines on prevention of cardiovascular disease.
Joint British guidelines on prevention of cardiovascular disease in clinical practice.
Guidelines on cardiovascular risk assessment and management.
Echocardiographic features and brain natriuretic peptides in patients presenting with heart failure and preserved systolic function.
Smoking behaviour in European patients with established coronary heart disease.
A brief report on the data available on rapid access cardiology clinics.
Development, implementation and audit of a cardiac prevention and rehabilitation programme for patients with coronary artery disease.
Cardiac rehabilitation for coronary patients: lifestyle, risk factor and therapeutic management. Results from the EUROASPIRE II survey.
EUROACTION: A European Society of Cardiology demonstration project in preventive cardiology. A cluster randomised controlled trial of a multi-disciplinary preventive cardiology programme for coronary patients, asymptomatic high-risk individuals and their families. Summary of design, methodology and outcomes.
Rapid access arrhythmia clinic for the diagnosis and management of new arrhythmias presenting in the community: a prospective, descriptive study.
Risk factor management in diabetic and non-diabetic patients with coronary heart disease. Findings from the EUROASPIRE I AND II surveys.
Principles for national and regional guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention.
Changing goals and guidelines.
Cardiological assessment of first-degree relatives in sudden arrhythmic death syndrome.
Blood pressure is insufficiently controlled in European patients with established coronary heart disease.
European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: third joint task force of European and other societies on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (constituted by representatives of eight societies and by invited experts).
Haemoglobin concentration and prognosis in new cases of heart failure.
Sudden, unexpected cardiac or unexplained death in England: a national survey.
Screening of family members of patients with premature coronary heart disease.
Incidence of coronary heart disease in a health authority in London: review of a community register.
Evaluation of a cardiac prevention and rehabilitation programme for all patients at first presentation with coronary artery disease.
Preventing clinical heart failure: the rationale and scientific evidence.
Gender differences in the management and outcome of patients with acute coronary artery disease.
Guidelines and global risk: a European perspective.
The Cardiology Information System: the need for data standards for integration of systems for patient care, registries and guidelines for clinical practice.
Hospitalization of patients with heart failure. A population-based study.
Asymptomatic individuals–risk stratification in the prevention of coronary heart disease.
A cardiac prevention and rehabilitation programme for all patients at first presentation with coronary artery disease.
Lifestyle and risk-factor management and use of drug therapies in coronary patients from 15 countries.
Clinical reality of coronary prevention guidelines: a comparison of EUROASPIRE I and II in nine countries.
Established and emerging cardiovascular risk factors.
The treatment potential in preventive cardiology.
Coronary artery disease as the cause of incident heart failure in the population.
Body mass index and metabolic risk factors for coronary heart disease in women.
Potential for cholesterol lowering in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in Europe: findings from EUROASPIRE study.
A rapid access heart failure clinic provides a prompt diagnosis and appropriate management of new heart failure presenting in the community.
A national Survey of Acute Myocardial Infarction and Ischaemia (SAMII) in the UK: characteristics, management and in-hospital outcome in women compared to men in patients under 70 years.
Leisure-time physical activity and coronary risk factors in women.
Association between blood pressure, the treatment of hypertension, and cardiovascular risk factors in women.
Survival of patients with a new diagnosis of heart failure: a population based study.
Overweight and obesity: a major challenge for coronary heart disease secondary prevention in clinical practice in Europe.
Joint British recommendations on prevention of coronary heart disease in clinical practice: summary.
Alcohol consumption, metabolic cardiovascular risk factors and hypertension in women.
Registration and management of smoking behaviour in patients with coronary heart disease. The EUROASPIRE survey.
Guidelines—a missed opportunity.
Randomised controlled trial of follow up care in general practice of patients with myocardial infarction and angina: final results of the Southampton heart integrated project (SHIP).
Incidence and aetiology of heart failure; a population-based study.
New perspectives on heart failure due to myocardial ischaemia.
Development and evaluation of complex interventions in health services research: case study of the Southampton heart integrated care project (SHIP)
Prevention of coronary heart disease in clinical practice. Summary of recommendations of the Second Joint Task Force of European and other Societies on Coronary Prevention.
European and American recommendations for coronary heart disease prevention.
Joint British recommendations on prevention of coronary heart disease in clinical practice.
Patients’ perceptions of their heart attack and recovery: the influence of epidemiological “evidence” and personal experience.
Value of natriuretic peptides in assessment of patients with possible new heart failure in primary care.
EUROASPIRE. A European Society of Cardiology survey of secondary prevention of coronary heart disease: Principal results.
Change in coronary risk and risk factor levels in couples following lifestyle intervention: The British Family Heart Study.
Task Force Report: The burden of cardiovascular diseases mortality in Europe.
Women married to men with myocardial infarction are at increased risk of coronary heart disease.
The epidemiology of heart failure.
The heart rate response to carotid artery massage in a sample of healthy elderly people.
Using a coronary risk score for screening and intervention in general practice.
Costs and cost effectiveness of cardiovascular screening and intervention: the British family heart study.
A British Cardiac Society survey of the potential for the secondary prevention of coronary disease: ASPIRE (Action on Secondary Prevention through Intervention to Reduce Events).
Sudden unexpected cardiac death: methods and results of a national pilot survey.
Dietary change after smoking cessation: a prospective study.
Trans isomers of oleic and linoleic acids in adipose tissue and sudden cardiac death.
Incidence, clinical characteristics, and short-term prognosis of angina pectoris.
Management of angina pectoris in general practice: a questionnaire survey of general practitioners.
Readiness for lifestyle advice? Self-assessments of risk prior to screening.
Cholesterol lowering does have a role in secondary prevention.
Effect of non-attenders on the potential of a primary care programme to reduce cardiovascular risk in the population.
Ultrafast computed tomographic scanning for detection of coronary disease in cardiac transplant recipients.
Prevention of coronary heart disease in clinical practice. Recommendations of the Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology, European Atherosclerosis Society and European Society of Hypertension.
British family heart study: its design and method, and prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors.
Randomised controlled trial evaluating cardiovascular screening and intervention in general practice: principal results of British family heart study.
Characteristics and clinical significance of ambulatory myocardial ischemia in men and women in the general population presenting with angina pectoris.
Linoleic acid and risk of sudden cardiac death.
Cigarette smoking, polyunsaturated fats, and coronary heart disease.
Cigarette smoking and food and nutrient intakes in relation to coronary heart disease.
A population survey of cardiovascular disease in elderly people: design, methods and prevalence results.
Relationships of plasma viscosity, coagulation and fibrinolysis to coronary risk factors and angina.
Anti-oxidants and pro-oxidants in coronary heart disease.
Risk of angina pectoris and plasma concentrations of vitamins A, C, and E and carotene.
Linoleic acid and coronary heart disease.
Adipose fatty acid composition and the risk of serious ventricular arrhythmias in acute myocardial infarction.
Low plasma vitamins E and C increased risk of angina in Scottish men.
Cigarette smoking, social class and nutrient intake: relevance to coronary heart disease.
Aetiology of ischaemic heart disease.
Thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator in acute myocardial infarction: no additional benefit from immediate percutaneous coronary angioplasty.
Alcohol consumption and nutrient intake in middle-aged Scottish men.
Linoleic and eicosapentaenoic acids in adipose tissue and platelets and risk of coronary heart disease.
Low linoleic acid-a new risk factor for coronary heart disease.
Relationship of plasma level of Vitamin C to mortality from ischaemic heart disease.
On the Antioxidant Hypothesis with regard to Arteriosclerosis.
Linoleic acid content in adipose tissue and coronary heart disease.
A randomized double blind cross-over trial of nifedipine in the treatment of primary Raynaud's phenomenon.
A comparison of the nutrient intake of some Scotsmen with dietary recommendations.
An evaluation of finger systolic‐pressure response to local cooling in the diagnosis of primary Raynaud's phenomenon.
Adipose tissue and platelet fatty acids and coronary heart disease in Scottish men.
Does low dietary and serum linoleic acid predispose to myocardial infarction?.